Secondary Tropical Rain Forest There is a good deal of secondary growth on land formerly cut over by shifting cultivators along the Mount Sinai ridge and in the Mount Sinai water catchment. Such growth varies from a dense crop of herbaceous Heliconia bihai to young forest, according to the stage of succession. The subsequent tree pioneers are, most conspicuously, Nectandra antillana and Guarea macrophylla, the latter here appearing in an unusual role.
Other species include Sapium caribaeum, Hicronyma caribaea, Euterpe globosa, Cecropia peltata, Cordia sulcata, Ocotea martinicensis, Ochroma pyramidale, Inga edulis, and Miconia guianensis. In the lower part of the Mount Sinai catchment conspicuous pioneer species include Byrsonima spicata and Manilkara bidentata. Dry scrub Woodlands Beard states that the only example of fairly intact woodland of the Tropical moist forest belt seems to be that crowning Morne Delice, an isolated, high and conical hill feet in height, 2 miles inland from the south coast.
Tree growth has evidently been allowed to remain due to unsuitability of the terrain for cultivation, but has been subject to frequent fellings.
At the bottom of the hill there are young secondary thickets of mahogany Swietenia mahagoni, white cedar Tabebuia pallida, Guettarda scabra, and other pioneers. Most other examples of tropical moist forest consist principally of young Swietenia mahagoni, an invasive species, or of low bush with Acrocomis palms. Nearer to the coast in the dry belt only very impoverished growth remains. At best there are woodlands feet high on rocky hill-tops, containing mostly the naked indian Bursera simaruba, with a few individuals of Lonchocarpus latifolius, L.
Undershrubs include Bauhinia ungula, Pithecellobium unguis-cati, Tecoma stans, Amyris elemifera, Randis mitis, Jacquinia barbasco, and Annona squamosa. When severly degraded by cutting on eroded slopes, the tropical moist forest may be replaced by thorn bush of Haematoxylum campechianum.
Poor grazing land is also colonized by open thorn bush with Acacia nilotica, A. Most of the Point Saline peninsula is covered by alternations and mixtures of these same types Beard Littoral Woodland Very little remains of this formation in Grenada. At Levera in the north-east the littoral hedge is formed of Conocarpus erectus, Jacquinia barbasco, and white cedar Tabebuia pallida in its monophyllous form. The woodland behind contains also sea grape Coccolobis uvifera, mapou Pisonia fragrans, manchineel Hippomane mancinella, Erithalis fruticosa, Bourreria succulenta, Pithecelloboi unguis-cati, and Rheedia lateriflora.
On the Point Saline peninsula some sandy raised beaches carry pure groves of Hippomane mancinella up to 50 feet in height. Swamp There are some small mangrove swamps, chiefly at Levera Pond in the north-east and at the head of the various deep inlets of the south coast.
These contain the usual red mangrove Rhizophora, black mangrove Avicennia, white mangrove Laguncularia, and button mangrove Conocarpus. In all cases they are recommended for protection.
Groom Grenada is the last remaining portion of the Grenada Bank - a volcanic entity, with sheer submarine cliffs stretching from the Island of Bequia in the North to Reindeer Shoal in the south. Deep water separates Grenada from all other major Islands St. Vincent, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago , which gives added evidence that Grenada is a purely volcanic Island which rose from the sea never having had a land bridge between any other land mass other than the Grenadines.
Grenada and the Grenadine Islands may have been an "Oceanic Island" since during the Pleistocene period Glacial Epoch of one million years ago when the sea level is estimated to have been between 50 and fathoms lower, plants and animals may have been able to spread throughout the Grenada Bank. The Oceanic Islands such as Grenada Volcanic or Barbados uplifted coral will present a relatively poor biological diversity compared to Trinidad and Tobago, which were at one time connected to the biologically rich South American Continent.
In Grenada, animal and plant migration would have only occurred by flight, winds, or as part of a large vegetative mat which would form in the Orinoco River, and float haphazardly to Grenada. Interestingly, the majority of winged insects and birds are of North American origin indicating the Island is on the Northern Antillean migratory route. The centipede whose bite causes a swelling, is the only dangerous animal per se in Grenada. Neither the parasol ant Acromyrmex octospinosus, or the water snail Australorbsis glabatrus, the secondary host of S.
Lucia, occur in Grenada. Furthermore, almost all of the forests of Grenada below 2, feet have been altered for cocoa, nutmeg, or banana production. Some examples of South American fauna such as ground lizards Ameiva and skinks Mabuya are found in Grenada. Groom, indicates that Grenada appears to have no Greater Antillean types of indigenous amphibians or reptiles, but only South American stocks which arrive here on floating mats of vegetation.
Myers, again supported the Oceanic Island theory by stating, "The most striking feature of the fresh water fish fauna of the West Indies is the complete absence of members of the primary division of fresh water fishes, in particular the Ostariophysi, which swarm in all the waters of North, Central and South America".
Groom, states "Amphibians are absent on Oceanic Islands, for their eggs and tadpoles require fresh water and their skins are totally allergic to salt. Garman's woodland frog Leptodactylus wagneri is found which is also characteristic of the primeval forest of the Grand Etang Forests.
The giant woodland frog Leptodactylus fallax an edible frog, was introduced but apparently did not survive. David Parish, Grenada Schwartz and Thomas ; no information is available on its ecology or status. The house gecko - Thecadactylus rapicauda is an object of superstition. The spinous gecko Hemidactylus mabouya was introduced from Africa. The common anole or wall lizard Anolis aeneus, is found from Trinidad to St. The crested or tree lizard Anolis richardi is found only from Tobago to Grenada and some Grenadines.
Iguana iguana is becoming increasingly more rare due to hunting and its reputation as a culinary delicacy. Garman's ground lizard - Ameiva ameiva or zaggada, a handsome blue colored lizard, male is now found only in Grenada and the Grenadines.
It is a sun loving lizard and was almost brought to extinction by the mongoose. Alien's Ground Lizard - Bachia heteropus alleni, is found throughout the Grenadines. The South Antillean slippery back lizard - Mabuya mabouya was thought to have been extinct, but it appears that its numbers are increasing. The white headed worm snake Leptotyphlops margaritae. The tree boa Corallus enydris cookii.
Boddaerts's tree snake Mastigodryas bruesi Cribo Clelia clelia a powerful constrictor, feared locally for it's strength, is also an excellent rodent exterminator. Moon Snake Pseudoboa neuwidii. The females crawl up the beaches and lay their eggs in the dry sand of the spray zone. Green turtle -Chelonia mydas - are heavily chopped as they come to the beaches to lay up to eggs in a season.
Hawksbill turtle - Eretmochelys imbricata is carnivorous, and like the loggerhead feeds on shellfish and rock encrusting marine animals. Loggerhead turtle - Caretta caretta. Ridley turtle - Lepidochelys olivacea. Testudinidae Tortoise - The morocoy or red legged tortoise - Geochelone carbonaria is thought to have been indigenous to Grenada and the Grenadines but was hunted to extinction.
It has since been re-introduced. See Groom, The avifauna is primarily tropical North American. The avifauna, as compared to Trinidad, is remarkably different considering the islands are only miles apart. The absence of a parrot amazonas in Grenada is interesting, considering Islands to the north such as St. Vincent, St. Lucia and Dominica all have their own endemic parrot. Parrots were recorded in the 's by Dr.
Tertre and Labat in FR. Devas book "The History". Groom, postulates that these may have been driven to extinction by the aggressive introduced African mona monkey. These monkeys would be largely responsible for predation of the eggs in the parrots nests. Ornithologists attribute the peculiar distribution of birds to the hurricane frequency.
Since some species are noted for the first time after a hurricane and others may never be seen again. Ducks, waders, waterfowls, pigeon and doves may be hunted, and Buteo and Falco peregrinus may be legally shot in defence if they attack chickens. These are:- Chondrohierax uncinatus murus, Grenada hookbilled kite; Leptitilia wellsi, Grenada Dove; and Empidonax euleri johnstone, Euler's fly catcher.
There is one endemic species, the Grenada dove Leptotila wellsi, which is currently treated by ICBP as conspecific with the grey-fronted dove L. There is an account of the species in King , who classes it as indeterminate. The Grenada dove is thought to be very rare and its range is limited to xerophytic scrublands in the southwestern coast of Grenada. There are no estimates available of population size.
The reasons for the rarity of this species are unclear: it is possible that the population has been low throughout this century, or that it has been reduced by competition with one or more of the other species of dove that occur in the same habitat King Vincent ; scaly-breasted thrasher Margarops fuscus Saba, St.
Vincent and Grenada. Information on seabirds is poor. Halewyn and Norton list the following three species as possible breeders: Audubon's shearwater Puffinus 1. Lazell, 2. Didelphis marsupialis insularis - large opossum or manicou is a common omnivorous animal which may prey upon poultry and is hunted for its meat. This species may have been introduced by Amerindians while making journeys in their perogues Groom, Nine banded armadillo or tatou.
This species is confined to forested areas, and is under heavy pressure from hunting. The vampire bat is absent. Hurricane "Janet" in may have given the final push to extinction. Naturalists of Grenada would like to see the agouti reintroduced Beresford Wilcox, Pers. Now it is primarily destructive to poultry, wild ground nesting birds, and lizards. The mongoose is the only proven vector of paralytic rabies in Grenada.
It may be seen quite readily in Grand Etang and St. Catherine Upper Montane Forests. They are very dangerous and destructive to the local fauna. The hurricane of reduced their numbers, but their populations have reached new proportions with the limited use of firearms for hunting during recent years.
The Schedule section 5 2 protects the following snakes: Leptotyphlops margaritae - white headed worm snake Corallus enydris - serpent - brown tree boa. Mastigodryas bruesi - Booddaert's tree snake Liophis melanotus - Shaw's racer Clelia clelia - black cribo Pseudoboa neuwiedi - Neuweid's moon snake This act seems to have expired at the end of , as a result, no protection will exist for wildlife until Cabinet approves the National Parks and Protected Areas Program.
Brief history of Grenada The protected areas program includes cultural landmarks, entities which are sometimes managed by the Tourist Board, National Trust or Historical Society in other countries. Significant input will be received from these groups, but it was recommended that the National Parks Division manage these resources. The following brief history mentions how the artifacts and other cultural features portray the fascinating history of Grenada.
The migration of South American Indians from their homeland brought the first inhabitants to the Islands. There were two sets of Amerindians who reached the Island - the Arawaks and Caribs. The Caribs are believed to be fierce and warlike, while the Arawaks were peaceful and loving and highly artistic. It has been written that the Arawaks were harassed by the Caribs which hastened their disappearance.
It is also believed that the Caribs made concubines of the Arawak women and killed the men. These people were primarily hunters and gatherers and therefore did not affect the natural vegetation. For over years after the sighting of the Island by Christopher Columbus on his third voyage, the Carib Indians were left undisturbed. In a company of London merchants attempted to establish a settlement but were compelled to withdraw as a result of the hostility of the native Indians.
Interest in the Island developed by both the English and French in the early 17th century. However, it was not until , that a frenchman named Du Poincy attempted to land.
This again was unsuccessful and the natives managed to secure the island from further attempts at settlement for twelve years. The French successfully settled the Island in despite the usual native hostility. While it was discovered that the Indians called the Island Camahogne, the English named it Conception.
One year later, the Caribs realized the danger they had exposed themselves to and revolted. By then the French had already established their settlement and called for reinforcement from the French Colony of Martinique. The Caribs retreated to a precipitous hill in the north of the Island where they sought refuge. After a great search, the French discovered their refuge and took them by surprise. Most of the Carib Indians leaped into the sea below committing suicide. Few elements of Amerindian culture survive today.
These include words of Amerindian origin, some pottery and other remains found at the museum and petroglyphs in the Mt. Rich area. The Leapers Hill and town of Sauteurs got its name from the tragic event that brought the Indian occupation to an end. The early French settlers established plantations of indigo, cotton and tobacco. At the beginning of the eighteenth Century, indigo seems to have been the main crop.
It is recorded that in there were fifty-two indigo plantations on the Island. In sugar cane was introduced from South America and cane cultivation gradually took over from indigo in the early 18th century.
Sugar cane cultivation necessitated the introduction of cheap labour into the country and therefore, the slave trade was developed. Africans, East Indian indentures, Portuguese, Chinese and other European bondsmen were introduced to work the plantations for the French.
Until the abolition of slavery in , sugar cane was by far the most important crop cultivated on almost all low lying land in the country. Cocoa was introduced to the island in It is important to note that every military handover in Grenada's history was done at this Fort, and every time the island changed hands, its name was changed also.
This was subsequently changed back to Fort George after the intervention of American forces in October The French temporarily regained Grenada in during the American war of independence. Four years later, the Island was handed back to the British by the eighth Article of the Treaty of Versailles.
There was always discord among the British and French Colonists on the Island. This caused a major uprising by the French planters against the British Colonist in Julien Fedon, a mulatto of French origin who owned the Belvedere estate, which was then the largest estate in Grenada, was in total support of Victor Hughes.
In confusion broke out between the French planters and British colonist. On the night of March 2nd the French took to "looting, fighting and even seizing British citizens". Fedon joined by slaves and "Free Coloured" took possession of all the Island except St. The rebels killed forty eight 48 of the fifty two 52 British citizens on the Island.
In the British managed to reinforce their contingents with officers from Trinidad. They eventually captured the final strong hold of the French, which was the Fedon's Camp located at one of the flat topped peaks in the central mountain range.
Fedon on way to camp After emancipation the labourers were no longer willing to work as regularly on the estates and a severe economic depression followed. Watts can work with this card. Start new topic. Recommended Posts. Not-so-Radiant Arin Posted June 3, Posted June 3, Outclassed by Golem, primarily. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options Dementuo Posted June 3, It noms all day on buckets of Dolkkas, Laggias, and Shock Masters.
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