Terminal cleaning. In a manufacturing plant, inspect for adequacy of preventive measures as outlined in 9A , above. As mentioned in 9B1 , a potential bioterrorist source may need to be ruled out for all human cases of anthrax, especially for those cases with no obvious occupational source of infection.
Tetracyclines, erythromycin and chloramphenicol are also effective. The U. Epidemic measures: Outbreaks may be an occupational hazard of animal husbandry. The occasional epidemics in the USA are local industrial outbreaks among employees who work with animal products, especially goat hair. Outbreaks related to handling and consuming meat from infected cattle have occurred in Asia, Africa and the former Soviet Union. Disaster implications: None, except in case of floods in previously infected areas.
International measures: Sterilize imported bone meal before use as animal feed. Disinfect wool, hair and other products when indicated and practical. Bioterrorism measures: During , more than two dozen anthrax threats were made in the USA. None of these threats was real. The general procedures in the USA for dealing with these civilian threats include the following:. If they become ill before laboratory results are available, they should immediately contact their local health department and proceed to a predetermined emergency care unit, where they should inform the attending staff of their potential exposure.
Postexposure immunization with an inactivated, cell-free anthrax vaccine is indicated in conjunction with chemoprophylaxis following a proven biologic incident. Visitors to areas where anthrax is common or where an outbreak is occurring in animals can get sick with anthrax if they have contact with infected animal carcasses or eat meat from animals that were sick when slaughtered. They can also get sick if they handle animal parts, such as hides, or products made from those animal parts, such as animal hide drums.
If you are visiting these areas, do not eat raw or undercooked meat and avoid contact with livestock, animal products, and animal carcasses. International travelers should be aware of regulations concerning and restrictions against the importation of prohibited animal products, trophies, and souvenirs. Imported animal hides have been associated with a number of anthrax cases in the United States. Cases have occurred in drum makers using these hides. Cases have also occurred in people who have handled or been near the drums or in the environment where they were made.
Some imported hides may contain anthrax spores, and although this is rare, there is no way to test for the presence of spores on hides.
It's the most deadly form of the disease, and is often fatal, even with treatment. Initial signs and symptoms include:. This recently identified route of anthrax infection has so far been reported only in Europe. It's contracted through injecting illegal drugs. Many common illnesses start with symptoms that resemble the flu. The chances that your sore throat and aching muscles are due to anthrax are extremely small. If you think you may have been exposed — for example, if you work in an environment where anthrax is likely to occur — see a doctor immediately for evaluation and care.
If you develop signs and symptoms of the disorder after exposure to animals or animal products in parts of the world where anthrax is common, seek prompt medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Anthrax spores are formed by anthrax bacteria that occur naturally in soil in most parts of the world. The spores can remain dormant for years until they find their way into a host.
Common hosts for anthrax include wild or domestic livestock, such as sheep, cattle, horses and goats. Most human cases of anthrax occur as a result of exposure to infected animals or their meat or hides. In the United States, a few people have developed anthrax while making traditional African drums from the skins of infected animals. One of the few known instances of nonanimal transmission was a bioterrorism attack that occurred in the United States in Twenty-two people developed anthrax after being exposed to spores sent through the mail, and five of those infected died.
More recently, in two separate outbreaks, heroin users in Europe contracted anthrax through injecting illegal drugs. A total of 40 people died.
Heroin sold in Europe likely comes from areas where naturally occurring anthrax is more common. To contract anthrax, you must come in direct contact with anthrax spores. This is more likely if you:. To prevent infection after being exposed to anthrax spores, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends:.
An anthrax vaccine is available for certain groups of people. The vaccine doesn't contain live bacteria and can't lead to infection. However, the vaccine can cause side effects, ranging from soreness at the injection site to more-serious allergic reactions.
The vaccine isn't intended for the general public. Instead, it's reserved for military personnel, scientists working with anthrax and people in other high-risk professions. If you live or travel in a country where anthrax is common and herd animals aren't routinely vaccinated, avoid contact with livestock and animal skins as much as possible.
0コメント